Beyond the Pap

    Scientists have known for some time that virtually all cases of cervical cancer are triggered by a family of viruses called human papillomavirus, or HPV. ¹Most women who become infected with HPV are able to shake off the virus and suffer no apparent long-term consequences to their health. But a few women develop a persistent infection that can, for reasons that are not entirely clear, eventually lead to cancerous changes in the cervix.

     Now researchers at the Digene Corp of Beltsville,Maryland, have developed a test that detects an active HPV infection by looking for its genetic byproducts in the vagina. The HPV test was better than the standard Pap test at finding cervical cancer at any stage, according to two studies published this month in the Journal of the American Medical Association. So far, so good. Unfortunately, the test"s false-positive rate—how often it indicated that there was a problem when none existed was almost twice as high as that for the Pap smear.² In these cases, a biopsy of the woman’s cervix showed no sign of disease.

    And that’s the crux of the problem. How many women should undergo what is, when it comes right down to it, unnecessary treatment to find a few more cases of cervical cancer?³ Shouldn’t health officials focus instead on making sure that more women undergo regular Pap-smear examinations? After all, Pap smears, though far from perfect, have helped dramatically lower the death toll from cervical cancer taking it from the No. 1 cause of death due to cancer in American women to the 10th.

    Complicating matters is the fact that HPV is a very common infection. In some parts of theU.S.as many as half of all women under age 35 have an active case. Yet 99 out of 100 women who are HPV-positive will never get cervical cancer, estimates Dr. Joanna Cain, vice president of theAmericanCollegeof Obstetricians and Gynecologists. “If those 99 women live their lives as if they’re going to develop cancer”, she says, “we’re not necessarily doing them any good.”

    At present, the HPV test is approved in theU. S.only to help resolve ambiguous results from a Pap-Smear test. Many gynecologists believe that HPV will eventually replace the pap. But they’re not willing to abandon it without a lot more detailed information and neither should you.

词汇：

cervical /"sɜ:vɪkl/ adj.颈的；子宫颈的

trigger / "trɪɡə(r) / vt. 发动，引起；促使
papillomavirus / pæpɪ"ləʊməvaɪrəs/ n.乳头状瘤病毒 cancerous / "kænsərəs/ adj.生癌的；患癌的；像癌的
cervix /"sɜ:vɪks/ n.器官的颈部(尤指子宫颈，膀胱劲) byproduct / "baɪˌprɒdʌkt/ n.(意外或无心的)附带产生的结果；副产品
vagina /və"dʒaɪnə/ n.阴道

Pap smear，Pap test = Papanicolaou test尼科拉乌试验，巴氏试验
smear /smɪə(r) / n.（显微镜的）涂片；污迹，污斑；诽谤，诋毁
biopsy /ˈbaɪˌɑpsi/ n.活组织检查；（为检查和诊断而作的）活组织切除
obstetrician /ˌɒbstəˈtrɪʃn/ n.产科医师

gynecologist /ˌgaɪnɪ"kɒlədʒɪst/ n.妇科学家
ambiguous /æmˈbɪgjuəs/ adj. 含糊不清的；不明确的；难以理解（或区分）的

注释：

1.Scientists have known for some time that virtually all cases of cervical cancer are triggered by a family of viruses called human papillomavirus, or HPV.一段时间以来，科学家们已经知道几乎所有子宫颈癌的病例都是由一组人类乳头状瘤病毒或HPV印发的。
2.Unfortunately, the test"s false-positive rate—how often it indicated that there was a problem when none existed was almost twice as high as that for the Pap smear. 不幸的是，该检验的假阳性率，即其显示有问题而实际上并无问题的概率，几乎是巴氏涂片假阳性率的两倍。
3.How many women should undergo what is, when it comes right down to it, unnecessary treatment to find a few more cases of cervical cancer? 只是为了再多发现几例子宫颈癌病例，多少妇女应该接受那种说到底并不必要的治疗呢？

The author also believes that HPV will eventually replace the Pap

A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned

英译汉：replace

development science and technology wider applications replace incapable

This doesn’t mean that wind and solar, which currently provide less than 1 percent of the world’s primary energy, will replace fossil fuels, which provide 82 percent. In fact, while companies like BP and Shell are cutting back on commercial projects in wind and solar, Big Oil is taking a closer look at how they might be used to increase efficiency internally, or to flee up increasingly profitable fossil fuels, like natural gas, for commercial sale. For example. Valero is building windmills to power refineries, and Chevron is using solar power to make steam to extract tough-to-reach oil. When you consider that the top 15 oil and gas companies have a market capitalization of $1.9 trillion, it’s clear that these firms themselves have the potential to be major renewable customers.
Big oil is thinking of using wind and solar

A:to free up fossil fuels for commercial sale. B:to replace fossil fuels for commercial sale. C:to increase efficiency of fossil fuels use. D:to reduce harm to the environment.

Which of the followings can best replace the title of the passage?

A:Different Ways of Dealing with Anger. B:The Danger of Anger and Its Solution. C:New Medical Discoveries about Anger. D:An Argument between the New and Old Views about Anger.

IPv6 is short for "Internet Protocol Version 6". IPv6 is the "next generation" protocol designed by the IETF to (71) the current version Internet Protocol, IP version 4("IPv4").
Most of today’s internet uses IPv4, which is now more than twenty years old. IPv4 has been (72) resilient in spite of its age, but it is beginning to have problems. Most importantly, there is a growing (73) of IPv4 addresses, which are needed by all new machines added to the Internet. IPv6 fixes a number of problems in IPv4, such as the (74) number of available IPv4 addresses. It also adds many improvements to IPv4 in areas such as routing and network autoconfiguration. IPv6 is expected to gradually replace IPv4, with the two coexisting for a number of years during a transition (75) .

A:substitution B:swap C:switchover D:replace

Ipv6 is （） for "Internet Protocol Version 6"。Ipv6 is the "next generation" protocol design by the IETF to  （） the current version Inernet Protocol, IP Version 4. Most of today’s internet uses Ipv4, which is now nearly twenty years old. Ipv4 has been remarkably resilient in spite of its age, but it is beginging to have problems. Most importantly, there is a growing （） of Ipv4 addresses, which are needed by all new machines added to the Internet. Ipv6 fixs a number of problems in Ipv4, shch as the  （） number of available Ipv4 addresses. It also adds many improvements to Ipv4 in areas such as souting and network autoconfiguration. Ipv6 is expected to gradually replace Ipv4, with the two coexing for a number of years during a transition （） A.

A:substitution B:replace C:switchover D:swap

IPv6 is short for "Internet Protocol Version 6". IPv6 is the "next generation" protocol designed by the IETF to ( 71 ) the current version Internet Protocol,IP Version 4("IPv4").
Most of today’s Internet uses IPv4, which is now more than twenty years old． IPv4 has been (72) resilient in spite of its age, but it is beginning to have problems. Most importantly, there is a growing ( 73 ) Of IPv4 addresses，which are needed by all new machines added to the Internet.IPv6 fixes a number of problems in IPv4，such as the (74) number of available IPv4 addresses. It also adds many improvements to IPv4 in areas such as routing and network autoconfiguration.IPv6 is expected to gradually replace IPv4，with the two coexisting for a number of years during a transition (75) .

A:substitution B:swap C:switchover D:replace