VFP数据库
VFP数据库
Text 1
Dream is a story that a person" watches” or even "takes part in" during sleep. Dream events are imaginary, but they are related to real experiences and needs in the dreamer’ s life. They seem real while they are taking place. Some dreams are pleasant, others are annoying, and still others are frightening.
Everyone dreams, but some persons never recall dreaming. Others remember only a little about a dream they had just before awakening and nothing about earlier dreams. No one recalls all his dreams.
Dreams involve little logical thought. In most dreams, the dreamer cannot control what happens to him. The story may be confusing, and things happen that would not happen in real life. People see in most dreams, but they may also hear, smell, touch, and taste in their dreams.
Most dreams occur in color. But persons who have been blind since birth do not see at all in dreams.
Dreams are a product of the sleeper’ s mind. They include events and feelings that he has experienced. Most dreams are related to events of the day before the dream and strong wishes of the dreamer. Many minor incidents of the hours before sleep appear in dreams. Few events more than two days old turn up. Deep wishes or fears - especially those held since childhood - often appear in dreams, and many dreams fulfil such wishes. Events in the sleeper’ s surrounding - a loud noise, for example, may become part of a dream, but they do not cause dreams.
Some dreams involve deep feelings that a person may not realize he has. Psychiatrists often use material from a patient’ s dreams to help the person understand himself better.
Dreaming may help maintain good learning ability, memory, and emotional adjustment. People who get plenty of sleep --but are awakened each time they begin to dream - become anxious and restless.
A:trying to help the dreamer recall his earlier dreams B:trying to make the sleeper dream logically C:studying the benefits of dreams D:helping the sleeper fulfill his dreams
What’s your earliest childhood memory Can you remember learning to walk Or talk The first time you heard thunder or watched a television program Adults seldom (1) events much earlier than the year or so before entering school, (2) children younger than three or four (3) retain any specific, personal experiences.
A variety of explanations have been (4) by psychologists for this " childhood amnesia " . One argues that the hippocampus, the region of the brain which is (5) for formling memories, does not mature until about the age of two. But the most popular theory (6) that, since adults don’t think like children, they cannot (7) childhood memories. Adults think in words, and their life memories are like stories or (8) —one event follows another as in a novel or film. (9) , when they search through their mental (10) for early childhood memories to add to this verbal life story, they don’t find any that fit the (11) . It’s like trying to find a Chinese word in an English dictionary.
Now psychologist Annette Simms of the New York State University offers a new (12) for childhood amnesia. She argues that there simply aren’t any early childhood memories to recall. According to Dr. Simms, children need to learn to use someone else’s spoken (13) of their personal (14) in order to turn their own short-term, quickly forgotten (15) of them into long-term memories. (16) , children have to talk about their (17) and hear others talk about them—Mother talking about the afternoon (18) looking for seashells at the beach or Dad asking them about their day at Ocean Park. Without this (19) reinforcement, says Dr.Simms, children cannot form (20) memories of their personal experiences.
A:figure B:interpret C:recall D:affirm
What’s your earliest childhood memory Can you remember learning to walk Or talk The first time you heard thunder or watched a television program Adults seldom (1) events much earlier than the year or so before entering school, (2) children younger than three or four (3) retain any specific, personal experiences.
A variety of explanations have been (4) by psychologists for this " childhood amnesia " . One argues that the hippocampus, the region of the brain which is (5) for formling memories, does not mature until about the age of two. But the most popular theory (6) that, since adults don’t think like children, they cannot (7) childhood memories. Adults think in words, and their life memories are like stories or (8) —one event follows another as in a novel or film. (9) , when they search through their mental (10) for early childhood memories to add to this verbal life story, they don’t find any that fit the (11) . It’s like trying to find a Chinese word in an English dictionary.
Now psychologist Annette Simms of the New York State University offers a new (12) for childhood amnesia. She argues that there simply aren’t any early childhood memories to recall. According to Dr. Simms, children need to learn to use someone else’s spoken (13) of their personal (14) in order to turn their own short-term, quickly forgotten (15) of them into long-term memories. (16) , children have to talk about their (17) and hear others talk about them—Mother talking about the afternoon (18) looking for seashells at the beach or Dad asking them about their day at Ocean Park. Without this (19) reinforcement, says Dr.Simms, children cannot form (20) memories of their personal experiences.
A:figure B:interpret C:recall D:affirm
What’s your earliest childhood memory Can you remember learning to walk Or talk The first time you heard thunder or watched a television program Adults seldom (1) events much earlier than the year or so before entering school, (2) children younger than three or four (3) retain any specific, personal experiences.A variety of explanations have been (4) by psychologists for this " childhood amnesia " . One argues that the hippocampus, the region of the brain which is (5) for formling memories, does not mature until about the age of two. But the most popular theory (6) that, since adults don’t think like children, they cannot (7) childhood memories. Adults think in words, and their life memories are like stories or (8) —one event follows another as in a novel or film. (9) , when they search through their mental (10) for early childhood memories to add to this verbal life story, they don’t find any that fit the (11) . It’s like trying to find a Chinese word in an English dictionary.
Now psychologist Annette Simms of the New York State University offers a new (12) for childhood amnesia. She argues that there simply aren’t any early childhood memories to recall. According to Dr. Simms, children need to learn to use someone else’s spoken (13) of their personal (14) in order to turn their own short-term, quickly forgotten (15) of them into long-term memories. (16) , children have to talk about their (17) and hear others talk about them—Mother talking about the afternoon (18) looking for seashells at the beach or Dad asking them about their day at Ocean Park. Without this (19) reinforcement, says Dr.Simms, children cannot form (20) memories of their personal experiences.
A:figure B:interpret C:recall D:affirm
Memory is the ability to keep track of things that have happened in the past. Memory really is learning. One needs memory to ride a bicycle. A dog needs to remember if it is to come when called.
Memory is said to be stored in the brain as a "memory trace (记忆痕) ". What makes up this trace is not known. Some scientists believe that certain chemical substances may carry certain memories. For example, one substance, when given to rats, causes them to fear the dark.
Other research into memory has to do with how the brain works. Psychologists use three means to find out bow a person remembers. For example, give a person a grocery list. Let the person memorize the list, then put it away. The most natural way to find out how much a person remembers of the grocery list is to ask what he or she remembers. This is called the method of recall. Another method is called recognition. Give the person another grocery list. Ask him or her to choose items on the first list from the items that are on only the second list. Often a person will be able to recognize things that he or she cannot recall. A third method of finding how much a person remembers is called relearning. Here the person is asked to read over the first list. The person will probably learn the list the second time faster than he did the first time. The difference in the time it takes to relearn the list is thought of as measure of how much a person has remembered.
One way of remembering something is to repeat it many times. Interest is very important. Boring lists of facts are much more difficult to remember than something that we understand and are interested in. Motivation, or wanting to do something, is also important. Motivation is linked with reward. For example, a hungry animal quickly learns how to do something if that action gets the animal food. In humans, wanting to learn is often motivation. The praise of a teacher or the knowledge that an answer is correct is rewarding.
A:recognition B:recall C:memorization D:relearning
Passage Five Whatever you do, don’t challenge a chimpanzee named Ayumu to a number memory game. In 2007, Ayumu became famous for his lightning speed at a game that goes like this: A player views a computer screen where the number 1 through 9 appear briefly at once and then tun to white squares. The player then taps the squares where the numbers had been, in order from 1 to 9. People can do it .But no human competitor has ever completed the game faster or more accurately than Ayumu the chimp. For almost five years Ayumu remains undefeated. Psychologist Nicholas Humphrey of Darwin College at Cambridge University in England now thinks he knows the secret behind the chimp’s ability. Humphrey suspects Ayumu’s brain may have a condition that allows the chimp to see numbers as colors. This would mean that Ayumu may see a color glow after the number disappears. Then, instead of remembering the numbers, he remembers a sequence of colors, each associated with a number. The condition that Humphrey believes Ayumu may have is called synesthesia. Humans with synesthesia may associate number and letters with colors. For example, a person may see the number“5”as the color blue. Until now, scientists and assumed only humans could have synesthesia. Humphrey found the inspiration for his idea at a 2011 scientific conference. There, he heard a presentation about Ayumu’s memory abilities and another talk about synesthesia. He then put the two ideas together. Not everyone is convinced that Humphrey is correct. Primatologist Tetsuro Matsuzawa of the Primate Research Institute at Kyoto University in japan has spent decades studying the amazing memories of chimpanzees, including Ayumu. He maintains that chimps simply have faster memory recall than people. How does Tetsuro Matsuzawa explain Ayumu’s performance in the game
A:Ayumu uses synesthesia. B:Ayumu is cleverer than most chimps. C:Chimps recall things faster than people. D:Chimps are good at dealing with number.
Memory is the ability to keep track of things that have happened in the past. Memory really is learning. One needs memory to ride a bicycle. A dog needs to remember if it is to come when called.
Memory is said to be stored in the brain as a "memory trace (记忆痕) ". What makes up this trace is not known. Some scientists believe that certain chemical substances may carry certain memories. For example, one substance, when given to rats, causes them to fear the dark.
Other research into memory has to do with how the brain works. Psychologists use three means to find out bow a person remembers. For example, give a person a grocery list. Let the person memorize the list, then put it away. The most natural way to find out how much a person remembers of the grocery list is to ask what he or she remembers. This is called the method of recall. Another method is called recognition. Give the person another grocery list. Ask him or her to choose items on the first list from the items that are on only the second list. Often a person will be able to recognize things that he or she cannot recall. A third method of finding how much a person remembers is called relearning. Here the person is asked to read over the first list. The person will probably learn the list the second time faster than he did the first time. The difference in the time it takes to relearn the list is thought of as measure of how much a person has remembered.
One way of remembering something is to repeat it many times. Interest is very important. Boring lists of facts are much more difficult to remember than something that we understand and are interested in. Motivation, or wanting to do something, is also important. Motivation is linked with reward. For example, a hungry animal quickly learns how to do something if that action gets the animal food. In humans, wanting to learn is often motivation. The praise of a teacher or the knowledge that an answer is correct is rewarding.
A:recognition B:recall C:memorization D:relearning
How sleep helps us consolidate memories is still largely a mystery. A recent study from the University of Lǔbeck, in Germany, offers one clue. Subjects were given a list of 46 word pairs to memorize, just before sleep. Then when they reached the deepest stages of sleep, electrical currents were sent through electrodes on their heads to induce very slow brain waves. Such slow waves were induced at random in the brains of one group of subjects, but not another.
The next morning, the slow-wave group had better recall of the words. Other types of memory were not improved, and inducing the slow waves later in the night did not have the same effect. Why and how the slow waves improved memory is not yet understood, but they are thought to alter the strengths of chemical connections, or synapses, between specific pairs of nerve cells in the brain. Memories are "stored" in these synapses: changing the strength of the synapses increases the strength of the memories they store.
Slow waves functioned in the subjects’ brains in the experiment when
A:they were given a list of words before sleep. B:they reached the deepest stages of sleep. C:they were connected to electrical currents. D:they were asked to recall the words the next mornin
A:memory impairment. B:lack of sleep. C:low work efficiency. D:memory recall.
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