Study Helps Predict Big Mediterranean Quake

Scientists have found evidence that an overlooked fault in the eastern Mediterranean¹ is likely to produce an earthquake and tsunami every 800 years as powerful as the one that destroyed Alexandria² in AD³ 365.

Using radiocarbon dating techniques, simulations and computer models, the researchers recreated the ancient disaster in order to identify the responsible fault. “We are saying there is probably a repeat time of 800 years for this kind of earthquake, ”said Ms. Beth Shaw, an earthquake scientist at the University of Cambridge, who led the study. Scientists study past earthquakes in order to determine the future possibility of similar large shocks.

Identifying the fault for the AD 365 earthquake and tsunami is important for the tens of millions of people in the region, Ms. Shaw said. The fault close to the southwest coast of Crete⁴ last produced a big enough quake to generate a tsunami about 1300, which means the next powerful one could come in the next 100 years, she added in a telephone interview.

Ms. Shaw and her colleagues calculate the likely intervals by measuring the motion of either side of the fault to find how often such large earthquakes would have to occur to account for that level of motion, she said. Their computer model suggested an 8 magnitude quake on the fault would produce a tsunami that floods the coastal regions of Alexandria and North Africa, the southern coast of Greece⁵ and Sicily⁶ all the way up the Adriati⁷ to Dubrovnik⁸. This would be similar to the ancient quake in AD 365 that caused widespread destruction in much of Greece and unleashed a tsunami that flooded Alexandria and the Nile Delta⁹, likely killing tens of thousands of people, she said.

词汇：

fault / fɔːlt / n. 断层

radiocarbon / ,reɪdɪəʊ"kɑːb(ə)n / n. 放射性碳

interval / "ɪntəvl/ n. 间隔

destruction / dɪ"strʌkʃən/ n. 破坏，毁灭

tsunami / tsuː"nɑːmɪ /n.海啸

simulation / ,sɪmjʊ"leɪʃən/n. 模拟

magnitude/ "mægnɪtjuːd / n. 等级

unleash/ ʌn"liːʃ/ v. 放出，释放 

注释：

1. the eastern Mediterranean: 地中海东部

2. Alexandria:阿里山大[埃及北部港市]  

3. AD: 公元后（AD是拉丁文 Anno Domini首字母的所写）

4. Crete: [希腊]克里特岛 

5. Greece: 希腊 

6. Sicily: [意大利]西西里岛

7. Adriati:亚得利亚海 

8. Dubrovnik: 杜布罗夫尼克[克罗地亚港市]

9. Nile Delta:尼鲁河三角洲 [埃及]

It is fun to identify the fault for the AD 365 earthquake and tsunami.

A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned

Brands

    The word brand is a comprehensive term that encompasses other narrower terms. A brand is a name, term, symbol, and/or special design that is intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers. A brand differentiates ¹ one seller’s products from those of competitors. A brand name consists of words, letters, and/or numbers that can be vocalized. A brand mark is the part of the brand that appears in the form of ² a symbol, design, or distinctive coloring or lettering. It is recognized by sight but may not be expressed when a person pronounces the brand name.

    A trademark is a brand that is given legal protection because, under the law, it has been appropriated by one seller ³. Thus trademark is essentially a legal term. All trademarks are brands and thus include the words, letters, or numbers that can be pronounced. They may also include a pictorial design ⁴. Some people erroneously believe ⁵that the trademark is only the pictorial part of the brand.

    One major method of classifying brands is on the basis of who owns them—producers or middlemen. Sunbeam, Florsheim, Spalding (athletic products), and Sara Lee are producers’ brands, while Allstate, Shurfine, Sysco, Craftsman, and Penncrest are middlemen"s brands.

    The terms national and private have been used to describe producer and middleman brand ownership, respectively. However, marketing people prefer the producer middleman terminology. To say that the brand of poultry feed marketed in three states by a small Birmingham,Alabama, manufacturer is a national brand, whereas the brands of Penney’s or Sears are private brands, stretches the meaning of the terms ⁶ national and private.

词汇：

encompass /in"kʌmpəs/ vt．包含，包括；围绕

differentiate /difə"renʃieit/vt．&vi．区分，区别

distinctive /dis"tiŋktiv/ adj．区别性的；有特色的，与众不同的

vocalize /"vəukəlaiz/ vt．&vi．说，清楚地发音；唱，练唱

letter/"letə/vt．用印刷字母写；vi．写印刷体字

trademark /"treidma:k/ n．商标

middleman /"midlmæn/ n．经纪人，中间商，中间人

terminology /"tə: minɔlədʒi/ n．术语，专门名词

注释：

1.    differentiate ... from...：把……与……区别开来。又如，differentiate tangible assets from intangible ones：区分有形资产和无形资产。differentiate后也可用between。如differentiate between right and wrong：分清是非。

2.    appears in the form of…：以……形式出现

3.    ... under the law, it has been appropriated by one seller．依据法律，它已被卖者占有了。appropriate是“私占，挪用”的意思。又如：He appropriated public funds for his own private use．他将公款挪为己用。

4.    They may also include a pictorial design．商标上也可能有图案设计。

5.    Some people erroneously believe...：有些人错误地认为……

6.    ... stretches the meaning of the terms…：……把这些术语的意思引申了……

Some people identify the brand mark with the trademark.

A:Right B:Wrong C:Not mentioned

One cannot identify happiness with wealth．

One cannot identify happiness with wealth．

With the explosive popularity of mobile devices, we have witnessed a steady increase in demand for mobile date service. In addition mobile users also expect to connect to the Internet for communicate and access to services through the best suitable connection, anywhere and at anytime. Although the seamless roaming capability is well supported in conventional. Cellular communication networks, roaming and interworking technologies are still immature in heterogenous wireless networks. Seamless roaming over heterogenous wireless networks will be an ongoing and improved process, due to the requirements from both end users and network administrators. From the wireless access networks belonging to different administrative domains, mobile users cannot always identify at every instance which network is the best one to access for their service. It is highly demanded to establish a network architecture which can facilitate mobile terminals to access the appropriate network in a cost-effective way. If a mobile user wants to move from one network to another with continuous service, the terminals have to cope with network change to maintain service seamlessly. Quality of service is a major issue that the end users should be provided with the satisfying service, while the network workload and cost should not too much increased. In addition, since end users are provided with numerous service ranging from Voice-over-IP to Video-on-Demand services, it is expected that users can experience the same quality for all the different service. Therefore, the network architecture need to be designed in such a way that the quality mechanism is incorporated so that users are served according to their individual QoS requirements. Based on the paragraph above 。

Because of (　), mobile users cannot always identify at every instance which network is the best one to access for their services.

A:the different network administrative domains B:the same network administrative domains and mobile users C:mobile users D:the same network administrative domains