简述治理（governance）概念。

西方学术界提出的城市管治(URBAN GOVERNANCE)其涵义主要是( )。

A:由__加强对各城市发展规划的集中监控 B:中央、地方和非政府组织等多组织要素对城市发展决策的权利协调，实现有效管理和多方利益的平衡 C:非政府组织作为社区自治因素在多种场合监督乃至部分地替代政府管理城市 D:在特殊或紧急状态下，__对某个城市实施的特别控制以度过危机，直到恢复正常秩序

正确的城市管制(Urban Governance)的概念指( )。

A:城市政府管理城市的一种新方式 B:包括中央、地方、非政府组织等多组织元对城市各种生产要素进行的权利的协调 C:基于城市环境保护的可持续管理 D:是在全球化背景下实施的新的高效的上下级管理

西方学术界提出的城市管治(Urban Governance)其涵义主要是( )。

A:由__加强对各城市发展规划的集中监控 B:中央、地方和非政府组织等多组织要素对城市发展决策的权力协调，实现有效管理和多方利益的平衡 C:非政府组织作为社区自治因素在多种场合监督乃至部分的替代政府管理城市 D:在特殊或紧急状态下，__对某个城市实施的特别控制以度过危机，直到恢复正常秩序

Text 1
It has been a wretched few weeks for America’ s celebrity bosses. AIG’ s Maurice "Hank" Greenberg has been dramatically ousted from the firm through which he dominated global insurance for decades. At Morgan Stanley a mutiny is forcing Philip Purcell, a boss used to getting his own way, into an increasingly desperate campaign to save his skin. At Boeing, Harry Stonecipher was called out of retirement to lead the scandal-hit firm and raise ethical standards, only to commit a lapse of his own, being sacked (it seems) for sending e-mails to a lover who was also an employee. Curly Fiorina was the most powerful woman in corporate America until a few weeks ago, when Hewlett-Packard (HP) sacked her for poor performance. The fate of Bernie Ebbers is much grimmer. The once high-profile boss of World-Com could well spend the rest of his life behind bars following his conviction last month on fraud charges.
In different ways, each of these examples appears to point to the same, welcome conclusion: that the imbalance in corporate power of the late 1990s, when many bosses were allowed to behave like absolute monarchs, has been corrected. Alas, appearances can be deceptive. While each of these recent tales of chief-executive woe is a sign of progress, none provides much evidence that the crisis in American corporate governance is yet over. In fact, each of these cases is an example of failed, not successful, governance.
At the very least, the boards of both Morgan Stanley and HP were far too slow to ad dress their bosses’ inadequacies. The record of the Boeing board in picking chiefs prone to ethical lapses is too long to be dismissed as mere bad luck. The fall of Messrs Green berg and Ebbers, meanwhile, highlights the growing role of government--and, in particular, of criminal prosecutors--in holding bosses to account: a development that is, at best, a mixed blessing. The Sarbanes-Oxley act, passed in haste following the Enron and WorldCom scandals, is imposing heavy costs on American companies; whether these are exceeded by any benefits is the subject of fierce debate and many not be known for years.
Eliot Spitzer, New York’ s attorney-general, is the leading advocate and practitioner of an energetic "law enforcement" approach. He may be right that the recent burst of punitive actions has been good for the economy, even if ( as is surely the case) some of his own decisions have been open to question. Where he is undoubtedly right is in arguing that corporate America has done a lamentable job of governing itself. As he says in an article in the Wall Street Journal this week: "The honour code among CEOS didn’ t work. Board oversight didn’ t work. Self-regulation was a complete failure." AIG’ s board, for example, did nothing about Mr Greenberg’ s use of murky accounting, or the conflicts posed by his use of offshore vehicles, or his constant bullying of his critics--let alone the firm’s alleged participation in bid-rigging--until Mr Spitzer threatened a criminal prosecution that might have destroyed the firm.

A:illustrate the breakdown with respect to governance. B:explain the record of the Boeing board in terms of ethical lapses. C:exemplify the boards of Morgan Stanley and HP. D:stress the heavy costs of the Sarbanes-Oxley act.

The views of the writer and Spitzer on American corporate governance are

A:opposite. B:similar. C:identical. D:complementary.

Scope, complexity, and scale of even a single 5G network are massively larger than intoday’s network. The main challenge is automation on all levels of the 5G eco-system.Without it, the network simply will not work; neither for the anticipated scale nor for thedesired functional complexity.Fundamentally, automation is realized by a largely self-governed network bound tovaring business goals: its configuration, its services, how they are provided, and how it ismanaged. A governance model, ideally realized by policies, defines how these goals are implemented and monitored. Those policies can be low-level configuration parameters,mid-level strategies or high-level intents and goals. Using a mix of these policies impliestranslation between: top-down for realization and bottom-up for action/benefit andvalidation purposes. Networks and models must address multiple, diverse constituencies. Human intervention should be kept to a minimum (oversight). Management meansmonitoring and repair; not control. Classic self-capabilities are the benefits.

A _______ model, ideally realized by policies, defines how these goals are implemented and monitored.

A:government B:governance C:automation D:automatic