What is logistics? In the current business environment,logistics is generally accepted as a very important element for the economic development and business growth of a region,especially a port city. In reality,what does logistics mean?In which way does it operate? For simple definition,logistics is a set of procedures in which commodity is delivered in an efficient manner from suppliers to customers.There are three key aspects to the concepts: 1．Movement of goods Goods can be considered as valuable objects,such as cargo and materials that are valua-ble and purchasable through commercial transactions and processes.Flow can be determined as methods in which goods are moved or transferred between locations,intermediaries and merchandisers.Modes of transportation include motor,rail,water,air and pipeline. 2.Direction of the flow of goods In the open market place,buyers and sellers represent two ends of a commercialtrans-action.Buyers are usually customers who demand the goods,while,as sellers are suppliers who provide such goods.When a transaction is agreed upon (sometimes payment is comple-ted,other times the payment is arranged to be completed at a later stage),the suppliers have the responsibility to arrange for the goods to be delivered to the customers. 3.Efficient management of the flow process The transportation of goods should bear low cost and ensure safety and punctuality.It should do its best to avoid wasting customers＇resources.Currently,the flow of goods is generally controlled by both hardware and software.By hardware,we mean logistics facili-ties and equipment,such as ports,warehouses and trucks,ships,railroad,cars and air-lines.By software,we mean information system,standardization and data sharing.Questions:

When a transaction is agreed upon,does every payment need to be completed?( )

A:Yes,completely. B:Not neccessary. C:Depen D:Completed based on whatever suppliers need．

Prolonging Human Life

   Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population.¹ Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago.² Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time.³ In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion.
　　Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load⁴. In all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. In times of famine,⁵ infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. In most contemporary societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. Unless these people were able to save money for their retirement, somebody else must support them. In the United Statesmany retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. Older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often "go on welfare"⁶ if they have a serious illness.
　　When older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems⁷ for their families. In the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. To meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals⁸ have been built. These are often profit-making organizations,⁹ although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups. While a few of these institutions arc good, most of them are simply "dumping grounds"¹⁰ for the dying in which "care" is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.

词汇：

dependency/ dɪˈpendənsi/n. 依赖性 

contemporary/ kənˈtemprəri/adj. 现代的
obligation/ ˌɒblɪ"ɡeɪʃn/n. 义务

insurance / ɪnˈʃʊərəns/n. 保险
welfare / "welfeə/n.福利

senile / ˈsi:naɪl/adj. 衰老的
grave / ɡreɪv/adj. 严肃的 

convalescent / ˌkɒnvəˈlesnt/adj.康复的
sponsor / "spɒnsə/v.发起，资助 

institution / ˌɪnstɪˈtju:ʃn/n.机构

 

注释:

1. Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population:延长人类生命的结果使得人口的数量有了增加。句中的 prolonging human life是动名词短语。由动名词短语作句子的主语时，句中动词必须用单数形式。如 : Collecting stamps is his hobby.
2. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago:如果今天活着的很多人生于一百年以前，他们会死于各种儿童疾病。
3. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time:因为有更多的人寿命更长，所以在任何一个特定的时间里的人也就更多。
4. the dependency load: 抚养人口数量。
5. In times of famine: 在饥荒年代
6. go on welfare : 靠福利救济 go on 有许多意思，其中的一个意思是"依靠……过活"。例:Many people go on welfare when jobs become scarce.(工作难找时，许多人靠政府救济金过日子。)
7. grave problems: 严重的问题
8. convalescent hospitals: 康复医院;疗养院
9. profit-making organizations: 赢利机构
10. dumping grounds: 垃圾场

In Paragraph 3, the phrase "this need" refers to____

A:the need to prolong the lives of old people B:the need to enrich the life of the retired people C:the need to build profit-making nursing homes D:the need to take care of a sick and weak person

The newly built factory is in urgent need of a number of skilled and ______ workers.

A:consistent B:conscious C:confidential D:conscientious

A child of five is friendly, competent and obedient, although he may be bossy with other children and is sometimes sufficiently independent to call his mother names. He is still dependent on adult approval and praise, and so orientated (对……感兴趣) to the grown-up that he tells tales without seeing the other child’s point of view. There is no real discussion yet fives talking together indulge in a "collective monologue (独白)"; quarrelling with words often begins towards the end of the year. Group play is often disrupted because everyone wants to be the mother or the bride or the captain of the fire brigade. Each child has an urgent need for constantly recurring (反复的) contact with an adult in spite of all his efforts to be independent. In his unsureness he may make statements about his own cleverness and beauty, hoping that the adult will praise him: this is not conceit but a cry for reassurance. He loves to say "Watch what I can do." Reality and fantasy are still intermingled and this confusion may lead him to elaborate on facts.

Which of the following is not conceit but a cry for reassurance（）

A:An urgent need for contact with adult. B:A child’s efforts to be independent. C:A child’s unsureness. D:A child’s making statements about his own cleverness.

Passage One
A child of five is friendly, competent and obedient, although he may be bossy with other children and is sometimes sufficiently independent to call his mother names. He is still dependent on adult approval and praise, and so orientated (对……感兴趣) to the grown-up that he tells tales without seeing the other child’s point of view. There is no real discussion yet fives talking together indulge in a" collective monologue (独白)" ;quarrelling with words often begins towards the end of the year. Group play is often disrupted because everyone wants to be the mother or the bride or the captain of the fire brigade. Each child has an urgent need for constantly recurring (反复的) contact with an adult in spite of all his efforts to be independent. In his unsureness he may make statements about his own cleverness and beauty, hoping that the adult will praise him: this is not conceit but a cry for reassurance. He loves to say "Watch what I can do." Reality and fantasy are still intermingled and this confusion may lead him to elaborate on facts.

Which of the following is not conceit but a cry for reassurance （）

A:An urgent need for contact with adult. B:A child's efforts to be independent. C:A child's unsureness. D:A child's making statements about his own cleverness.

A child of five is friendly, competent and obedient, although he may be bossy with other children and is sometimes sufficiently independent to call his mother names. He is still dependent on adult approval and praise, and so orientated (对……感兴趣) to the grown-up that he tells tales without seeing the other child’s point of view. There is no real discussion yet fives talking together indulge in a "collective monologue (独白)"; quarrelling with words often begins towards the end of the year. Group play is often disrupted because everyone wants to be the mother or the bride or the captain of the fire brigade. Each child has an urgent need for constantly recurring (反复的) contact with an adult in spite of all his efforts to be independent. In his unsureness he may make statements about his own cleverness and beauty, hoping that the adult will praise him: this is not conceit but a cry for reassurance. He loves to say "Watch what I can do." Reality and fantasy are still intermingled and this confusion may lead him to elaborate on facts.
Which of the following is not conceit but a cry for reassurance

A:An urgent need for contact with adult. B:A child’s efforts to be independent. C:A child’s unsureness. D:A child’s making statements about his own cleverness.

Passage One
A child of five is friendly, competent and obedient, although he may be bossy with other children and is sometimes sufficiently independent to call his mother names. He is still dependent on adult approval and praise, and so orientated (对……感兴趣) to the grown-up that he tells tales without seeing the other child’s point of view. There is no real discussion yet fives talking together indulge in a" collective monologue (独白)" ;quarrelling with words often begins towards the end of the year. Group play is often disrupted because everyone wants to be the mother or the bride or the captain of the fire brigade. Each child has an urgent need for constantly recurring (反复的) contact with an adult in spite of all his efforts to be independent. In his unsureness he may make statements about his own cleverness and beauty, hoping that the adult will praise him: this is not conceit but a cry for reassurance. He loves to say "Watch what I can do." Reality and fantasy are still intermingled and this confusion may lead him to elaborate on facts.

Which of the following is not conceit but a cry for reassurance （）

A:An urgent need for contact with adult. B:A child’s efforts to be independent. C:A child’s unsureness. D:A child’s making statements about his own cleverness.

AS WE ARE____OF THERE GOODS,PLEASE EXPEDITE SHIPMENT AFTER RECEIVING OUR L/C.

A:IN BADLY B:BADLY IN NEED C:URGENT IN NEED D:IN URGENTLY NEED

As we are ________ of these goods, please expedite shipment after receiving our L/C.

A:in badly need B:badly in need C:urgent in need D:in urgently need

The "urgent" priority should be used for messages ______.

A:concerning the Safety of Life at Sea （SOLAS） B:detailing important navigational warnings C:containing information concerning the safety of a mobile unit or person D:concerning on-scene communications"