Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light

Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems¹, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but

   1   now they² haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone³ solar thermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells⁴, which⁵ lets the silicon generate more   2   but isn’t a very efficient way to gather heat.

That’s a problem of   3   . Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower   4    . And it，s also a space problem：photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room⁶ for thermal applications.

In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a    5    in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Canada."

Most solar panels⁷ are made with crystalline silicon，you can also make solar cells out ofbut amorphous silicon⁸,   6   known as thin-film silicon⁹. They don’t create as much electricity,but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they   7   much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately，thin-film silicon solar cells are   8   to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect¹⁰.

“That means that their efficiency    9   when you expose them to light — pretty much¹¹ the worst possible effect¹² for a solar cell,” Pearce explains，which is one of the   10   thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.

However, Pearce and his team found away to engineer around¹³ the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new   11   of PVT. You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact，Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures¹⁴，near the boiling   12   of water, they could make thicker cells that largely  13   the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy

   14   , they also found that by baking the cell once a day，they   15   the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.

 

词汇:

photovoltaic / ,fəʊtəʊvɒl"teɪɪk /n.光电的
silicon / "sɪlɪkən /n.硅
thermal / "θɜːməl /adj.热的，热量的
amorphous/ ə"mɔːfəs/ adj.非晶形的

crystalline / "krɪstə"laɪn /adj.晶体的

footprint/ "fʊtprɪnt/ n.足迹

注释：

1. solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems:太阳能光伏热能系统

2. they: 指代 solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems。

3. stand-alone:单机的

4. crystalline silicon solar cells:晶体硅太阳能电池

5. which:指前半句中的 to cool crystalline silicon solar cells 这件事

6. room:空间

7. solar panels:太阳能电池板

8. amorphous silicon：非晶硅

9. thin-film silicon:薄膜硅

10. Staebler-Wronski Effect: SWE 效应。在光的照射下，非晶桂氢的导电性短时间内显著衰退，这种特性被称为 SWE 效应。

11. pretty much:几乎

12. the worst possible effect：最可能坏的效应

13. engineer around:精心地设计以克服或绕过

14. solar-thermal operating temperatures:太阳热能操作温度

空1

A:unless B:when C:if D:until

Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light

Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems¹, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but

   1   now they² haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone³ solar thermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells⁴, which⁵ lets the silicon generate more   2   but isn’t a very efficient way to gather heat.

That’s a problem of   3   . Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower   4    . And it，s also a space problem：photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room⁶ for thermal applications.

In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a    5    in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Canada."

Most solar panels⁷ are made with crystalline silicon，you can also make solar cells out ofbut amorphous silicon⁸,   6   known as thin-film silicon⁹. They don’t create as much electricity,but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they   7   much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately，thin-film silicon solar cells are   8   to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect¹⁰.

“That means that their efficiency    9   when you expose them to light — pretty much¹¹ the worst possible effect¹² for a solar cell,” Pearce explains，which is one of the   10   thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.

However, Pearce and his team found away to engineer around¹³ the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new   11   of PVT. You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact，Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures¹⁴，near the boiling   12   of water, they could make thicker cells that largely  13   the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy

   14   , they also found that by baking the cell once a day，they   15   the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.

 

词汇:

photovoltaic / ,fəʊtəʊvɒl"teɪɪk /n.光电的
silicon / "sɪlɪkən /n.硅
thermal / "θɜːməl /adj.热的，热量的
amorphous/ ə"mɔːfəs/ adj.非晶形的

crystalline / "krɪstə"laɪn /adj.晶体的

footprint/ "fʊtprɪnt/ n.足迹

注释：

1. solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems:太阳能光伏热能系统

2. they: 指代 solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems。

3. stand-alone:单机的

4. crystalline silicon solar cells:晶体硅太阳能电池

5. which:指前半句中的 to cool crystalline silicon solar cells 这件事

6. room:空间

7. solar panels:太阳能电池板

8. amorphous silicon：非晶硅

9. thin-film silicon:薄膜硅

10. Staebler-Wronski Effect: SWE 效应。在光的照射下，非晶桂氢的导电性短时间内显著衰退，这种特性被称为 SWE 效应。

11. pretty much:几乎

12. the worst possible effect：最可能坏的效应

13. engineer around:精心地设计以克服或绕过

14. solar-thermal operating temperatures:太阳热能操作温度

空3

A:dynamics B:geology C:economics D:biology

Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light

Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems¹, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but

   1   now they² haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone³ solar thermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells⁴, which⁵ lets the silicon generate more   2   but isn’t a very efficient way to gather heat.

That’s a problem of   3   . Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower   4    . And it，s also a space problem：photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room⁶ for thermal applications.

In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a    5    in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Canada."

Most solar panels⁷ are made with crystalline silicon，you can also make solar cells out ofbut amorphous silicon⁸,   6   known as thin-film silicon⁹. They don’t create as much electricity,but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they   7   much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately，thin-film silicon solar cells are   8   to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect¹⁰.

“That means that their efficiency    9   when you expose them to light — pretty much¹¹ the worst possible effect¹² for a solar cell,” Pearce explains，which is one of the   10   thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.

However, Pearce and his team found away to engineer around¹³ the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new   11   of PVT. You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact，Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures¹⁴，near the boiling   12   of water, they could make thicker cells that largely  13   the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy

   14   , they also found that by baking the cell once a day，they   15   the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.

 

词汇:

photovoltaic / ,fəʊtəʊvɒl"teɪɪk /n.光电的
silicon / "sɪlɪkən /n.硅
thermal / "θɜːməl /adj.热的，热量的
amorphous/ ə"mɔːfəs/ adj.非晶形的

crystalline / "krɪstə"laɪn /adj.晶体的

footprint/ "fʊtprɪnt/ n.足迹

注释：

1. solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems:太阳能光伏热能系统

2. they: 指代 solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems。

3. stand-alone:单机的

4. crystalline silicon solar cells:晶体硅太阳能电池

5. which:指前半句中的 to cool crystalline silicon solar cells 这件事

6. room:空间

7. solar panels:太阳能电池板

8. amorphous silicon：非晶硅

9. thin-film silicon:薄膜硅

10. Staebler-Wronski Effect: SWE 效应。在光的照射下，非晶桂氢的导电性短时间内显著衰退，这种特性被称为 SWE 效应。

11. pretty much:几乎

12. the worst possible effect：最可能坏的效应

13. engineer around:精心地设计以克服或绕过

14. solar-thermal operating temperatures:太阳热能操作温度

空5

A:decision B:solution C:Suggestion D:qualification

Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light

Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems¹, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but

   1   now they² haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone³ solar thermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells⁴, which⁵ lets the silicon generate more   2   but isn’t a very efficient way to gather heat.

That’s a problem of   3   . Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower   4    . And it，s also a space problem：photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room⁶ for thermal applications.

In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a    5    in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Canada."

Most solar panels⁷ are made with crystalline silicon，you can also make solar cells out ofbut amorphous silicon⁸,   6   known as thin-film silicon⁹. They don’t create as much electricity,but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they   7   much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately，thin-film silicon solar cells are   8   to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect¹⁰.

“That means that their efficiency    9   when you expose them to light — pretty much¹¹ the worst possible effect¹² for a solar cell,” Pearce explains，which is one of the   10   thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.

However, Pearce and his team found away to engineer around¹³ the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new   11   of PVT. You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact，Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures¹⁴，near the boiling   12   of water, they could make thicker cells that largely  13   the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy

   14   , they also found that by baking the cell once a day，they   15   the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.

 

词汇:

photovoltaic / ,fəʊtəʊvɒl"teɪɪk /n.光电的
silicon / "sɪlɪkən /n.硅
thermal / "θɜːməl /adj.热的，热量的
amorphous/ ə"mɔːfəs/ adj.非晶形的

crystalline / "krɪstə"laɪn /adj.晶体的

footprint/ "fʊtprɪnt/ n.足迹

注释：

1. solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems:太阳能光伏热能系统

2. they: 指代 solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems。

3. stand-alone:单机的

4. crystalline silicon solar cells:晶体硅太阳能电池

5. which:指前半句中的 to cool crystalline silicon solar cells 这件事

6. room:空间

7. solar panels:太阳能电池板

8. amorphous silicon：非晶硅

9. thin-film silicon:薄膜硅

10. Staebler-Wronski Effect: SWE 效应。在光的照射下，非晶桂氢的导电性短时间内显著衰退，这种特性被称为 SWE 效应。

11. pretty much:几乎

12. the worst possible effect：最可能坏的效应

13. engineer around:精心地设计以克服或绕过

14. solar-thermal operating temperatures:太阳热能操作温度

空8

A:vulnerable B:Necessary C:important D:renewable

Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light

Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems¹, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but

   1   now they² haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone³ solar thermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells⁴, which⁵ lets the silicon generate more   2   but isn’t a very efficient way to gather heat.

That’s a problem of   3   . Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower   4    . And it，s also a space problem：photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room⁶ for thermal applications.

In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a    5    in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Canada."

Most solar panels⁷ are made with crystalline silicon，you can also make solar cells out ofbut amorphous silicon⁸,   6   known as thin-film silicon⁹. They don’t create as much electricity,but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they   7   much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately，thin-film silicon solar cells are   8   to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect¹⁰.

“That means that their efficiency    9   when you expose them to light — pretty much¹¹ the worst possible effect¹² for a solar cell,” Pearce explains，which is one of the   10   thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.

However, Pearce and his team found away to engineer around¹³ the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new   11   of PVT. You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact，Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures¹⁴，near the boiling   12   of water, they could make thicker cells that largely  13   the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy

   14   , they also found that by baking the cell once a day，they   15   the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.

 

词汇:

photovoltaic / ,fəʊtəʊvɒl"teɪɪk /n.光电的
silicon / "sɪlɪkən /n.硅
thermal / "θɜːməl /adj.热的，热量的
amorphous/ ə"mɔːfəs/ adj.非晶形的

crystalline / "krɪstə"laɪn /adj.晶体的

footprint/ "fʊtprɪnt/ n.足迹

注释：

1. solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems:太阳能光伏热能系统

2. they: 指代 solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems。

3. stand-alone:单机的

4. crystalline silicon solar cells:晶体硅太阳能电池

5. which:指前半句中的 to cool crystalline silicon solar cells 这件事

6. room:空间

7. solar panels:太阳能电池板

8. amorphous silicon：非晶硅

9. thin-film silicon:薄膜硅

10. Staebler-Wronski Effect: SWE 效应。在光的照射下，非晶桂氢的导电性短时间内显著衰退，这种特性被称为 SWE 效应。

11. pretty much:几乎

12. the worst possible effect：最可能坏的效应

13. engineer around:精心地设计以克服或绕过

14. solar-thermal operating temperatures:太阳热能操作温度

空11

A:size B:shape C:type D:brand

Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light

Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems¹, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but

   1   now they² haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone³ solar thermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells⁴, which⁵ lets the silicon generate more   2   but isn’t a very efficient way to gather heat.

That’s a problem of   3   . Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower   4    . And it，s also a space problem：photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room⁶ for thermal applications.

In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a    5    in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Canada."

Most solar panels⁷ are made with crystalline silicon，you can also make solar cells out ofbut amorphous silicon⁸,   6   known as thin-film silicon⁹. They don’t create as much electricity,but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they   7   much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately，thin-film silicon solar cells are   8   to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect¹⁰.

“That means that their efficiency    9   when you expose them to light — pretty much¹¹ the worst possible effect¹² for a solar cell,” Pearce explains，which is one of the   10   thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.

However, Pearce and his team found away to engineer around¹³ the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new   11   of PVT. You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact，Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures¹⁴，near the boiling   12   of water, they could make thicker cells that largely  13   the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy

   14   , they also found that by baking the cell once a day，they   15   the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.

 

词汇:

photovoltaic / ,fəʊtəʊvɒl"teɪɪk /n.光电的
silicon / "sɪlɪkən /n.硅
thermal / "θɜːməl /adj.热的，热量的
amorphous/ ə"mɔːfəs/ adj.非晶形的

crystalline / "krɪstə"laɪn /adj.晶体的

footprint/ "fʊtprɪnt/ n.足迹

注释：

1. solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems:太阳能光伏热能系统

2. they: 指代 solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems。

3. stand-alone:单机的

4. crystalline silicon solar cells:晶体硅太阳能电池

5. which:指前半句中的 to cool crystalline silicon solar cells 这件事

6. room:空间

7. solar panels:太阳能电池板

8. amorphous silicon：非晶硅

9. thin-film silicon:薄膜硅

10. Staebler-Wronski Effect: SWE 效应。在光的照射下，非晶桂氢的导电性短时间内显著衰退，这种特性被称为 SWE 效应。

11. pretty much:几乎

12. the worst possible effect：最可能坏的效应

13. engineer around:精心地设计以克服或绕过

14. solar-thermal operating temperatures:太阳热能操作温度

空12

A:area B:point C:place D:extent

Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light

Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems¹, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but

   1   now they² haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone³ solar thermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells⁴, which⁵ lets the silicon generate more   2   but isn’t a very efficient way to gather heat.

That’s a problem of   3   . Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower   4    . And it，s also a space problem：photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room⁶ for thermal applications.

In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a    5    in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Canada."

Most solar panels⁷ are made with crystalline silicon，you can also make solar cells out ofbut amorphous silicon⁸,   6   known as thin-film silicon⁹. They don’t create as much electricity,but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they   7   much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately，thin-film silicon solar cells are   8   to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect¹⁰.

“That means that their efficiency    9   when you expose them to light — pretty much¹¹ the worst possible effect¹² for a solar cell,” Pearce explains，which is one of the   10   thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.

However, Pearce and his team found away to engineer around¹³ the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new   11   of PVT. You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact，Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures¹⁴，near the boiling   12   of water, they could make thicker cells that largely  13   the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy

   14   , they also found that by baking the cell once a day，they   15   the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.

 

词汇:

photovoltaic / ,fəʊtəʊvɒl"teɪɪk /n.光电的
silicon / "sɪlɪkən /n.硅
thermal / "θɜːməl /adj.热的，热量的
amorphous/ ə"mɔːfəs/ adj.非晶形的

crystalline / "krɪstə"laɪn /adj.晶体的

footprint/ "fʊtprɪnt/ n.足迹

注释：

1. solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems:太阳能光伏热能系统

2. they: 指代 solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems。

3. stand-alone:单机的

4. crystalline silicon solar cells:晶体硅太阳能电池

5. which:指前半句中的 to cool crystalline silicon solar cells 这件事

6. room:空间

7. solar panels:太阳能电池板

8. amorphous silicon：非晶硅

9. thin-film silicon:薄膜硅

10. Staebler-Wronski Effect: SWE 效应。在光的照射下，非晶桂氢的导电性短时间内显著衰退，这种特性被称为 SWE 效应。

11. pretty much:几乎

12. the worst possible effect：最可能坏的效应

13. engineer around:精心地设计以克服或绕过

14. solar-thermal operating temperatures:太阳热能操作温度

空13

A:overcame B:Promoted C:improved D:postponed

Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light

Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems¹, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but

   1   now they² haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone³ solar thermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells⁴, which⁵ lets the silicon generate more   2   but isn’t a very efficient way to gather heat.

That’s a problem of   3   . Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower   4    . And it，s also a space problem：photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room⁶ for thermal applications.

In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a    5    in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Canada."

Most solar panels⁷ are made with crystalline silicon，you can also make solar cells out ofbut amorphous silicon⁸,   6   known as thin-film silicon⁹. They don’t create as much electricity,but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they   7   much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately，thin-film silicon solar cells are   8   to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect¹⁰.

“That means that their efficiency    9   when you expose them to light — pretty much¹¹ the worst possible effect¹² for a solar cell,” Pearce explains，which is one of the   10   thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.

However, Pearce and his team found away to engineer around¹³ the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new   11   of PVT. You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact，Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures¹⁴，near the boiling   12   of water, they could make thicker cells that largely  13   the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy

   14   , they also found that by baking the cell once a day，they   15   the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.

 

词汇:

photovoltaic / ,fəʊtəʊvɒl"teɪɪk /n.光电的
silicon / "sɪlɪkən /n.硅
thermal / "θɜːməl /adj.热的，热量的
amorphous/ ə"mɔːfəs/ adj.非晶形的

crystalline / "krɪstə"laɪn /adj.晶体的

footprint/ "fʊtprɪnt/ n.足迹

注释：

1. solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems:太阳能光伏热能系统

2. they: 指代 solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems。

3. stand-alone:单机的

4. crystalline silicon solar cells:晶体硅太阳能电池

5. which:指前半句中的 to cool crystalline silicon solar cells 这件事

6. room:空间

7. solar panels:太阳能电池板

8. amorphous silicon：非晶硅

9. thin-film silicon:薄膜硅

10. Staebler-Wronski Effect: SWE 效应。在光的照射下，非晶桂氢的导电性短时间内显著衰退，这种特性被称为 SWE 效应。

11. pretty much:几乎

12. the worst possible effect：最可能坏的效应

13. engineer around:精心地设计以克服或绕过

14. solar-thermal operating temperatures:太阳热能操作温度

空15

A:boosted B:Defined C:wasted D:lower

罗伯新近被任命为SWE.E.TWA.TE.R州立大学行政事务副校长，上任伊始他主面临着严重的问题。3周前，校长就告诉他，他首先要做的事情之一就是改进该校的秘书和勤杂人员的工作绩效评估系统。该校绩效评价系统的主要问题是，它将工作绩效评价结果与年底的工资晋级联系在一起。但是，大多数管理者对秘书和勤杂人员的工作绩效进行评价时，却往往不是很注意保持评价的精确性，主用采用了加权选择量表方法。管理者经常将其下属的秘书和勤杂人员都简单地评为“优秀”。而这样做的结果是学校所有的辅助雇员每年都得到最高等级的工资晋级。
但是目前学校的预算已经不具备在下一个年度为每一位事务工作人员都提升一级最高工资的能力了。此外，大学的校长也认为，对每一位秘书人员和勤杂人员提供有效的工作绩效的工作绩效反馈这种惯例并不是一种正常的情况。因此，他希望罗伯能够对原有的工作绩效评价系统进行重新审查。罗伯向每一位行政管理人员下发一份备忘录，要求大家只能将其手下一半人的评为优秀。这份备忘录立刻得到行政管理人员和秘书勤杂人员的广泛抵制---管理人员害怕其手下人会到私营企业找更赚钱的工作；秘书人员认为新的工作绩效评价系统是不公正的，它肃剥夺了每一位秘书都能获得最高工资晋升的机会。
罗伯在这种情况下，找到了该校工商管理学院的几位绩效评价方面的专家讨论这个问题。罗伯首先说到了他发现的问题：现有的工作绩效评价系统早在10年前即该校刚成立时便建立起来了。而当时的工作绩效评价表格是由秘书委员会设计的。这种每年一次的工作绩效评价制度几乎一开始就陷入困境。因为，管理者对工作绩效标准的解释就大相径庭，同时他们在填写表格以及对下属进行监督时的负责程度也相差很大。问题还不仅仅如此，这种绩效评价方法的弊端在第一年底就已经变得显而易见，每一位秘书的工资提升实际上是直接与工作绩效评价联系在一起的。由于该校支付给秘书的工资比私营企业的低，因此，在第一年有些没有拿到优秀即没有得到最高工资晋升的秘书一怒而去。从那时起，很多行政管理人员为了降低离职率，就开始将下属的工资绩效定为优秀。这样可以确保他们得到最高一级的工资晋升。
几位专家中有两位答应考虑这一问题。并在2周后提出如下建议：
1、原有的评价表格基本上不起说明作用。比如，优秀和工作质量本身的含义是不清楚的。结果导致大多数管理者对每一项评价指标的理解不清楚，也有歧异。他建议换一种表格
2、同时，他还建议罗伯撤销其前一个备忘录，因为强制性地要求将秘书中的一半划为优秀是不公正的。并且，在考核时最好使用排序法。
3、要想使得所有的管理人员认真对待工作绩效评价，就必须停止将工作绩效评价结果与工资晋升联系在一起。至于工资晋升，则应不仅仅以工作绩效评价为基础，还要考虑其他的一些因素，这样，管理人员在对其手下的工作绩效进行评价时，就不会再犹豫是否要诚实地对下属人员的实际工作绩效做出评价了。
问题：
1、该学校产生绩效考核方面问题的主要原因是什么？
2、为什么专家建议使用排序法？
3、专家建议绩效考核不与工资晋升联系在一起。因为绩效评价如果与工资联系在一起就容易造成各行政主管不客观地评价其下属的工作绩效，但是，如果工资晋升不与绩效考核联系在一起，那么，薪酬又该与什么相联系呢？学校每年的工资晋升该怎样进行呢？

英文缩写SWE，代表以下哪个国家（）。

A:芬兰 B:瑞士 C:冰岛 D:瑞典